Assuming you have halogen lights and not HID, I can't think of any "short" that would cause an automotive bulb to blow out. There is no way for any damage to the wiring to provide more voltage and current than the battery or alternator can supply, and that should never be enough to blow out a bulb that is the correct spec. So I think the old bulb failed from age coupled with the shock of hitting the pothole and that the new bulb you put in was defective.
What I would do is get two new bulbs, and first replace the bulb on the side that is still working. Then use the old working bulb to test the original burnt out side. If it fails again you've lost only another old bulb. If it works OK, you can either replace it with the second new bulb or keep the new bulb as a spare.
'04 XC70, Ash Gold / Taupe, Premium, Touring, Tinted Rear Glass, Rear Skyddsplåt, Wing Profile Load Bars, USA Spec 11,
StonGard Light Protection, Yokohama YK740 GTXs, Meyle HD Sway Bar Links, ipd HD TCV, subframe & top brace poly bushing inserts,
TitaniumTim XC Cup-holder Coasters.
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